Image source: "Bruce Hope, senior environmental toxicologist of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality," and "Michael Mode/The Oregonian." 11/24/2006, "China's mercury flushes into Oregon's rivers," pprc.info; article also published at The Oregonian website but without image. From article:
""The ozone on the West Coast in a few years will be controlled not by California and Oregon," Schnell (NOAA) says. "It will be controlled by China." The incoming pollution bucks a U.S. trend toward cleaner skies and water...."There's more mercury deposited in this country from outside our borders than from inside our borders," says Richard Scheffe, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency senior science adviser."...(subhead, "Impact on cleanup")
4/13/2008, "China's mercury flushes into Oregon's rivers," The Oregonian, Shelby Wood, Richard Read; richardread@news.oregonian.com"
"From the Oregonian of Nov. 24, 2006"
"Mercury and other airborne contaminants collect over China during the winter and spring until Siberian winds arrive bearing dust from expanding Chinese and Mongolian deserts. Every five or six days, the winds flush out eastern China, sending dust and pollutants such as ozone precursors high over the Pacific, says Russ Schnell, observatory and global network operations director for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
"The ozone on the West Coast in a few years will be controlled not by California and Oregon," Schnell says. "It will be controlled by China." The incoming pollution bucks a U.S. trend toward cleaner skies and water.
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Mercury is especially suited for long-distance travel because at the smokestack in elemental form, it's insoluble. By the time it reaches the West Coast, however, some of the mercury has transformed into a reactive gaseous material that dissolves in Western Oregon's wet climate. It washes into the river, where microbes convert it into a form that further concentrates in fish.
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Most of the mercury entering the Willamette comes from Oregon's volcanic soil and from sediment churned up on the river bottom. But Bruce Hope, senior environmental toxicologist of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, estimates that global sources beyond the state's control contribute 18 percent --more than four times the share from local air deposition. "If I made every local source go away, would I be able to eat the fish?" Hope asks. "Right now the answer is maybe."
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Hope was struggling to account for all the Willamette's mercury sources before he encountered Dan Jaffe, an atmospheric and environmental chemistry professor at the University of Washington at Bothell. Jaffe and other scientists were detecting Asian pollutants in monitors atop Mount Bachelor and Cheeka Peak, on the Olympic Peninsula.
Urban carcinogen levels
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The monitors regularly record levels of airborne carcinogens equivalent to those of a major city, says Staci Simonich, an Oregon State University researcher. In April 2004, instruments mounted atop Mount Bachelor's Summit Express ski lift intercepted an enormous Asian plume laced with mercury and ozone. The fine-particle concentration hit about 20 micrograms per cubic meter, compared with the federal air-quality standard of an average 65 micrograms during a 24-hour period.
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"The air we saw on that day was comparable to a moderately bad day in Portland," says Jaffe. "When you consider that that air has traveled thousands and thousands of miles, it's pretty amazing really." Jaffe calculated that Asia emits 1,460 metric tons of mercury a year, twice as much as previously thought.
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To be sure, concentrations of foreign pollutants in Oregon are minimal compared with federal air-quality standards. On an average spring day in the Northwest, the overall sulfate concentration reaches just 0.72 micrograms per cubic meter, says Colette Heald, a University of California at Berkeley researcher. About one-quarter of the average sulfate level comes from Asia, Heald says.
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But the DEQ's Hope realized that when fallout occurs across an area as large as the Willamette's 11,500-square-mile watershed, low concentrations add up. He identified the river's mercury sources for a study published in the international journal Science of the Total Environment."...
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"Because local enthropogenic emissions make relatively smaller contributions to the Basin than do persisent global sources (sources over which there is little, if any, possibility of local control), localized environmental management actions alone may not be adequate to address mercury impacts within the Basin." [last sentence of abstract] An assessment of anthropogenic source impacts on mercury cycling in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, USA-, Science of the Total Environment, 3/2006 ResearchGate."
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(continuing): "Especially if China's share increases, Hope says, Oregon can do little to reduce contamination of the river even by cracking down on emissions, eliminating mercury from products and segregating waste. "Because of foreign sources, the kinds of management changes that would be acceptable would probably not be enough to let us eat the fish." Oregon officials have warned since issuing a 2001 advisory that Willamette bass and pikeminnow bear unsafe mercury levels.
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Mercury acts on the central nervous system and can reduce mental ability, making kids shy, irritable, and slow to learn, and causing tremors and visual disturbances. Children under 7 should not eat more than a single 4-ounce portion of nonmigrating fish every seven weeks, while women of childbearing age should eat no more than one 8-ounce portion a month.
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The DEQ has a mercury cleanup plan for the Willamette that will take decades. But "you throw in the global contribution," says Dave Stone, Oregon public health toxicologist, "and it does become that much more complex." Oregon, which has 14 fish advisories for mercury, has not been able to lift one.
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Impact on cleanup
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The added mercury from abroad, coupled with Oregon's high natural levels, could concentrate pressure on local emitters under the DEQ's cleanup plan. Weyerhaeuser, for example, has more than 15 plants in the watershed. "We're concerned to the extent that we have to do something that won't matter," says Marv Lewallen, Weyerhaeuser Oregon environmental affairs manager.
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It's not just the Willamette that will be difficult to clean up because of mercury beyond local control. Scientists expected to find patterns of mercury pollution from nearby factories when they took sediment samples beneath lakes near Bellingham, Wash., that contain fish unsafe to eat. Instead, most of the industrial mercury came from global sources.
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"Our best estimates indicate that there's more mercury deposited in this country from outside our borders than from inside our borders," says Richard Scheffe, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency senior science adviser.
Mercury is just one of the foreign pollutants that scientists are tracking. At least one-third of California's fine particulate pollution --known as aerosol --has floated across from Asia, says Steve Cliff, an atmospheric scientist at the University of California at Davis.
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"In May this year, almost all the fine aerosol present at Lake Tahoe came from China," says Tom Cahill, a UC Davis emeritus professor of atmospheric sciences. "So the haze that you see in spring at Crater Lake or other remote areas is in fact Chinese in origin."
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Cliff says China's growing contribution will complicate U.S. efforts to meet annual average emissions standards. "As you try to reduce particulate pollution from local and regional sources, you're only reducing to some background level," Cliff says. "The concern is that as China continues to expand, that background level will only tend to increase."
A recent court decision raises the possibility that foreign firms could be held liable for polluting the United States. A 9th U.S. Court of Appeals panel ruled that Teck Cominco Ltd., a company that discharged heavy metals and slag in the upper Columbia River in Canada, must pay to clean up a downriver stretch in the United States.
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Scientists are frustrated by a lack of data from Asia, where factories often aren't required to report what they emit, says Richard "Tony" VanCuren, a UC Davis applied-sciences researcher.
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One thing is certain, though, because of geography and wind:
"The maximum impact from Asia," Heald says, "is going to be in the Northwestern United States."
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--Richard Read; richardread@news.oregonian.com"
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"Richard Reed:"
"Richard Read, a two-time Pulitzer Prize winner and former Asian-based foreign correspondent, is a senior writer for The Oregonian, covering higher education."
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Ed. note: Two sources are posted above for Nov. 24, 2006 Oregonian article about China contaminants in the US (credited to Richard Reed at the end of The Oregonian article: "Richard Read; richardread@news.oregonian.com"). One from The Oregonian posted in 2008, and one via pprc.info. The image above (with The Oregonian credit) appeared in the pprc.info publication of the article. Re: pprc.info: "www.pprc.info/index.htm Cached The PPRC is a grassroots organization made up of hourly employees who work in the forest products industry. We work on fiber supply, forest practices, endangered ..."
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Added: March 18, 2011 Discover Magazine article: China toxins are driven across the Pacific to the US by high winds:
"China now emits more mercury than the United States, India, and Europe combined."...page 1
"Jaffe’s colleagues considered it improbable that a concentration of pollutants high enough to significantly impact American air quality could travel thousands of miles across the Pacific Ocean." p.2..."“What’s different about China is the scale and speed of pollution and environmental degradation,” Turner says. “It’s like nothing the world has ever seen.”" (p. 1)
3/18/2011, "Made in China: Our Toxic, Imported Air Pollution," Discover, by David Kirby, (April 2011 issue)
"Mercury, sulfates, ozone, black carbon, flu-laced desert dust. Even as America tightens emission standards, the fast-growing economies of Asia are filling the air with hazardous components that circumnavigate the globe."
p. 1: "University of Washington atmospheric chemist Dan Jaffe...and a new breed of global air detectives are delivering a sobering message to policy makers everywhere: Carbon dioxide, the predominant driver of global warming, is not the only industrial by-product whose effects can be felt around the world. Prevailing winds across the Pacific are pushing thousands of tons of other contaminants—including mercury, sulfates, ozone, black carbon, and desert dust—over the ocean each year. Some of this atmospheric junk settles into the cold waters of the North Pacific, but much of it eventually merges with the global air pollution pool that circumnavigates the planet.
These contaminants are implicated in a long list of health problems, including neurodegenerative disease, cancer, emphysema, and perhaps even pandemics like avian flu. And when wind and weather conditions are right, they reach North America within days. Dust, ozone, and carbon can accumulate in valleys and basins, and mercury can be pulled to earth through atmospheric sinks that deposit it across large swaths of land.
Pollution and production have gone hand in hand at least since the Industrial Revolution, and it is not unusual for a developing nation to value economic growth over environmental regulation.
“Pollute first, clean up later” can be the general attitude, says Jennifer Turner, director of the China Environment Forum at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. The intensity of the current change is truly new, however.
China in particular stands out because of its sudden role as the world’s factory, its enormous population, and the mass migration of that population to urban centers; 350 million people, equivalent to the entire U.S. population, will be moving to its cities over the next 10 years. China now emits more mercury than the United States, India, and Europe combined.
“What’s different about China is the scale and speed of pollution and environmental degradation,” Turner says. “It’s like nothing the world has ever seen.”"...
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