4/27/16, "Slavery still exists in Brazil in the Amazon....Modern-day slavery is, as an official with the Ministry of Labor put
it, a "key part of the globlalized, export oriented economy Brazil thrives on." Workers are coerced either through violence or debt to
provide uncompensated labor and forced to endure the most inhumane
conditions. They forge pig iron that goes into Brazil’s steel industry,
harvest soy, clear rainforests, cut sugar cane, and serve as domestic
workers."... "A Slavers’ Coup in Brazil?" The Nation, Greg Grandin
.............
"Brazilian Slavery," histclo.com (sources at end of post)
 |
| Slave market in Rio |
Image caption: "Figure 1.--This drawing depicts a slave market in Rio de Janeiro.
The drawing appeared in a book published by Maria Graham who lived in
Brazil during the early 1820s. Brazil proved to be a serious problem as
the British Royal Navy began its effort to end the Atlantic Slave Trade."
"Brazil had the largest slave population in the world, substantially
larger than the United States. The Portuguese who settled Brazil needed
labor to work the large estates and mines in their new Brazilian colony.
They turned to slavery which became central to the colonial economy. It
was particularly important in the mining and sugar cane sectors."
"Slavery was also the mainstay in the Caribbean islands with economies
centered on sugar. Estimates suggest that about 35 percent of captured
Africans involved in the Atlantic slave trade were transported to
Brazil. Estimates suggest that more than 3 million Africans reached
Brazil, although precise numbers do not exist. Brazil had begun to turn
to slavery in the 15th century as explorers began moving along the coast
of Africa. With the discovery of the Americas, the Portuguese attempted
to enslave the Native American population as well. This did not prove
successful. The Native Americans died in large numbers, both because of
slave trading, mistreatment, and the lack of resistance to European
diseases. The Portuguese found captured Africans to be a valuable
trading commodity as Europeans began to settle the Caribbean islands.
They also began transporting Africans to their Brazilian colony.
Portuguese Prime Minister Marquês de Pombal abolished slavery in
Portugal (February 12, 1761). The Portuguese action, however, did not
address slavery in the colonies. Slave ownership was widely practiced.
Brazilians of all classes owned slaves. Slaves were not only owned by
upper and middle class Brazilians, but also by lower class Brazilians.
There were even slaves who owned other slaves. Slavery has a huge
impact on Brazil. It affected both the economy and the ethnic make up
of the Brazilian population. The importation of such a large number of
Africans into a colony with such a small number of Portuguese,
profoundly affected the ethnic balance. The level of African imports
also meant that unlike North America, African culture was not largely
wiped out and thus had a significant impact on Brazilian culture (food,
music, dance and religious practices). This is especially the case in
Rio and the northwest where many of the slaves were concentrated.
The accumulating knowledge of geography and improvements in
shipbuilding and navigation led Prince Henry and King John II of
Portugal to seek a route to the Indies through the still largely unknown
Atlantic. Portuguese mariners began sailing south along the coast of
Africa. Information provided by travelers was refined by explorers who
began to sail south along the African coast. Each voyage added to the
accumulating data and gradually improving maps and charts. The
Portuguese eventually reached the equator (1471)....
Founding of Brazil
The Portuguese when they founded their Brazilian colony, like the
Spanish, attempted to enslave Native Americans. Unlike the Caribbean
islands, the Native Americans in Brazil could flee to the interior where
the Portuguese could not reach them, although slaving raids were
conducted up the Amazon. Native Americans who did not flee were
decimated by the European diseases the Portuguese carried. Brazil had
begun to turn to slavery in the 15th century as explorers began moving
along the coast of Africa....
Early Colonial Brazil (16th century)
Portugal at the time of the conquest was a country just emerging
from feudalism with an impoverished peasantry. Brazil offered rich
agricultural land that was just not available in Portugal itself. At
first the Portuguese gave relatively little attention to Brazil. The
Portuguese Conquistadores found little gold and the primary focus at the
time was primarily on the immensely profitable trade opened with the East
(India, Indonesia, and China). Thus for the first three decades
Brazil languished. This lack of attention to establishing a colony in
Brazil, let to incursions by other European countries. The Portuguese
Crown to combat this created a system of occupying the coast without the
substantial costs of establishing a colony and maintaining large
military force. The Crown created the Hereditary Captaincies system,
The King divided Brazil into strips of land that were entrusted to
noblemen. They answered to the king and occupying and developing their
land grant was done at their expense. It took some time for the
monarchy to realize that the Captaincies system was not working. Only
two of the land grants were actually occupied by the noblemen to which
the land was granted (Pernambuco and São Vicente in the modern state of
São Paulo).
Brazil produced little income for Portugal in sharp contrast to the
Spanish colonies (especially Mexico and Peru-Bolivia where gold and
silver was discovered.
One of the few important resources found in
Brazil was what came to be called brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata).
This was a large tree. The trunk was found to contain contains a
prized red dye. Exploitation nearly wiped out the trees. Portuguese
settlement of Brazil was initially confined to the coastal regions. The
exploration of the interior was limited and largely confined to
para-military adventurers--the bandeirantes. They followed the rivers
into the interior, looking for gold and Native Americans who could be
enslaved. The result was to depopulate large areas of the interior along
the major rivers.
The Portuguese brought sugar cane to Brazil early in the colonial
period, but the sugar industry developed slowly. It was a relatively
new crop to the Europeans and it was a labor-intensive crop. This
proved a problem because the Native Americans the Portuguese attempted
to enslave did not prove suitable. Sugar would prove central to
Brazilian economy as well as to the history of Brazilian slavery. It was
sugar that made Brazilian plantations really profitable and this fueled
the demand for the large numbers of slaves needed to work them.
The
settlers first tried to enslave the Natives to work the developing
plantations. The Native Americans proved unsuitable, primarily because
they died in large numbers when exposed to European diseases. As a
result, the settlers began to turn to Africans. The Portuguese had begun
to trade in captive Africans, albeit in small numbers, as they began
moving south down the coast of Africa (15th century). The first
Brazilian sugar plantation was operating very early in the colonial era
(1518). The industry grew very rapidly. Martim Afonso de Sousa founded the first colony(1532). One report suggests that Santa Catalina
Island had some 800 operating sugar cane mills (1540). The Brazilian
sugar industry boomed and the colony became Europe's main supplier of
sugar. Sugar at the time did not come from the Caribbean in any
quantity. Until this the Arabs had been the main supplier, but a
astronomical prices making it a luxury for the nobility and wealthier
merchants. Brazil changed this. With the large quantities of Brazilian
sugar reaching Europe at more reasonable prices, a much larger market
began to grow. And Brazil, especially the northern coast, provided
virtually perfect conditions for raising sugarcane. Planters cleared
more an more land for sugar cane, Sugar production and exports began
to reach large quantities (late-16th/early-17th centuries). The sugar
cane was grown on plantation called 'engenhos' (factories). The
Brazilian Nordeste became the core of the colony's economy and society.
There were also plantations on Santa Catarina Island in the south
which was originally founded by the Spanish. The modern states of
Pernambuco, Paraiba, Bahia, and Sergipe became the center of Brazil’s
sugarcane industry. Sugar turned the small Bahia settlements of
Salvador and Olinda into some of the thriving ports in the world as
the Sugar Boom took hold. And this in turn significantly fueled the
demand for slaves to work the plantations. Most of the slaves were
brought from Portuguese trading posts in western and southern Africa.
Later the slaves for Brazil would come from the Portuguese-controlled
areas of southern Africa (Angola and Mozambique). The Portuguese became
leaders in the Atlantic slave trade and the major destination was
Brazil. Over a third of all the slaves transported to the Americas were
landed in Brazil, the great majority to work on the sugar plantations....
Captives from different African regions were transported to Brazil.
This included Africams from West Africa, Cape Vert, Angolsa, Mozambique
and from interior regions. Large numbers of Africans were obtained
from southern Africa (Angola and Mozambique) where the Portuguese had a
dominant role. Some Africans from these areas were transported to the
Caribbean and the United States as well, but the shipments to Brazil
were especially significant. The dimensions of the slave trade are not
known with any precession. Estimates vary from 3-5 million Africans
transported to Brazil. This is a subststantial proportion of the overall
Atklantic slave trade. One historian estimsates about 3.6 million
Africans transported to Brazil. [Taunay]. He estimated that most were
brough to brazil in he 18th ad 19th century: 0.1 million (16th
century), 0.6 million (17th cenury), 1.3 million (18th century), and 1.6
million (19th century). The level of slave shipments during the 19th
century is notable given the fact that the Royal Navy was engaged in a
major campaign to end the slave trade at the time. About 40 percent of
the estimated 11 million Africans transported in the Atlantic slave
trade went to Brazil....
Portugal lost its Brazilian colony when it
became independent (1822). This meant that Portugal was no longer
involved as a destination country. Portugal still controlled African
colonies where Africans were seized for slavery. This was especially true
in its southern colonies (Angola and Mozambique). Portugal abolished
the slave trade (1836). The Royal decree also limited the number of
slaves to be transported by colonists, committing to punish Portuguese
slave traders, and authorising the condemnation of vessels equipped for
the slave trade. We are unsure just what convinced Portugal to take this
major decesion. The British Parliament passed an act giving the Royal
Navy the authority to stop Portuguese slavers vessels and submit them to
British Vice-Admiralty courts (1839). Portugal signed another treaty
with Britain giving British Royal Navy ships the Right of Search,
authorising the condemnation of vessels equipped for slave trade,
establishing Mixed Commissions, declaring the slave trade to be an act
of piracy, regulating the number of slaves to be carried by Portuguese
subjects, declaring that liberated slaves are to be given over to the
government whose vessel seized the slaver (1842)....
Miners needed
men who were healthy, young and strong and were prepared to pay the
highest prices....Unlike slavery in the rest of the Americas. slaves were not
restricted to manual labor on plantations. The small Portuguese
population meant that here were openings for urban occupations,
including some that were skilled and even managerial. The limited
Portuguese female population meant that there an extensive mulatto
population developed. And light-skinned men had considerable latitude
for upward mobility. And slave women could advance through relations
with Portuguese/Brazilian men. Portuguese society was much more open to
this than United States society....
Brazilian Empire
Even after Brazil declared independence, Portugal continued to hold
its African colonies and a few Asian outposts. Brazilian independence
was the most conservative of the Latin American revolutions. Brazil was
the only monarchy among the Latin American nations. A factor in Brazil's
conservatism was the importance of slavery in the colony. Brazilians
wanted nothing to disrupt slavery and the economy and social structure was based on it.
Brazil resisted the anti-slavery movement and the
Royal Navy's efforts to stamp out the Atlantic slave trade. Brazil had
the largest number of slaves in South America. And unlike the Spanish
colonies did not move toward abolition after independence. Charles Darwin
was horrified at what he saw when the HMS Beagle stopped Brazilian
ports. [Darwin] The issue of slavery became the primary domestic issue
during the reign of D. Pedro II--the second reign (1840 to 1889)....
Brazil continued as a monarchy for several decades before a republic
was finally proclaimed (1889)....Pedro II was a ruler of conservative
mindset. He came to see slavery, despite its economic importance to
Brazil as inherently evil. Pedro began a series of measures liberating
Brazilian slaves. He was posed to entirely abolish slavery. His measures
against slavery met opposition from major landowners and the military,
the leadership of which was drawn from the landed elite. The Emperor was
on a trip to Europe when his daughter, Princess Isabel serving as
regent, issued a decree abolishing slavery (May 13, 1888). This
essentially did away for the last bastion of slavery, although forced
labor continued for some time, in the Western Hemisphere and ended what
remained of the the African slave trade. Princess Isabella's decree is
known as the Golden Law. It was widely praised in Europe. Abolishing
slavery was the last major action taken by the Brazilian royal family.
Brazil proved to be the last Western Hemisphere country to abolish
slavery."...
"Sources
Darwin, Charles.
Graham, Maria. Journal of a Voyage to Brazil, and Residence there, during part of the Years 1821, 1822, 1823 (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown).
Reis, Joao Jose. Arthur Brakel (trans). Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. This was one of the Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture.
Taunay, Carlos Augusto. Manual do agricultor brasileiro (São Paulo : Companhia das Letras, 2001)."
------------------------
......................
4/27/16, "Slavery, however relatively small to Brazil’s larger labor market,
represents the thin edge of a larger principle: the right of Brazil’s
elites to exploit humans and nature as ruthlessly as they will."...
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