12/28/16, "The Enemy Within: Bribes Bore a Hole in the U.S. Border," NY Times, Ron Nixon. Print edition, December 29, 2016, page A13 of New York edition with headline: "Bribes Paid to Agents Bore Holes in Border."
"A review by The New York Times of thousands of court records and internal agency documents showed that over the last 10 years almost 200 employees and contract workers of the Department of Homeland Security have taken nearly $15 million in bribes while being paid to protect the nation’s borders and enforce immigration laws.
The
Times’s findings most likely undercount the amount of bribes because in
many cases court records do not give a tally. The findings also do not
include gifts, trips or money stolen by Homeland Security employees.
Throughout
his campaign, President-elect Donald J. Trump said border security
would be one of his highest priorities. As he prepares to take office,
he will find that many of the problems seem to come from within.
“It
does absolutely no good to talk about the building of walls or tougher
enforcement if you can’t secure the integrity of the immigration system,
when you have fraud and corruption with your own employees,” said an
internal affairs official at the Department of Homeland Security who
spoke on the condition of anonymity.
Although
Homeland Security employees who have been caught taking bribes
represent less than 1 percent of the more than 250,000 people who work
at the department, investigators say the bribes and small numbers of
people arrested and charged with bribery obscure the impact corruption
can have on border security and immigration enforcement.
“Any
amount is bad, and one person alone can do a lot of damage,” said John
Roth, the inspector general at the Department of Homeland Security. “It
doesn’t have to be widespread.”
Law
enforcement experts say the bribing of border and immigration agents is
not surprising. As security along the border has tightened with the
addition of fences, drones and sensors, drug cartels and human smugglers
have found it increasingly more difficult to operate.
“So
it makes sense that cartels would target and try to corrupt border
interdiction agents,” said Fred Burton, chief security officer at
Stratfor, a global intelligence company, and a former deputy chief of
counterterrorism at the State Department’s Diplomatic Security Service.
“It’s very similar to the tactics and tradecraft used by foreign
intelligence services during the Cold War.”
Homeland
Security officials, acknowledging that internal corruption is a
problem, have hired more internal affairs investigators, provided ethics
training and started to administer polygraph tests to new applicants,
along with countersurveillance training to employees so they can
recognize when they are being targeted by criminal organizations.
Customs
and Border Protection, which has had dozens of its officers arrested
and charged with bribery, said it had made additional changes to combat
corruption. Jeh Johnson, the secretary of Homeland Security, in 2014
gave authority to the agency’s internal affairs office to conduct
criminal investigations for the first time. And Mark Morgan, a former
F.B.I. agent who had investigated corruption on the border, was put in
charge of the Border Patrol.
“Polygraphs
have made it so we don’t hire people with significant problems,” said
R. Gil Kerlikowske, commissioner of the customs agency. “The bigger
problem is what happens to people who are already on board. These
changes address that.”
In
February, Johnny Acosta, a Customs and Border Protection officer in
Douglas, Ariz., was sentenced to eight years in prison for bribery and
drug smuggling. Mr. Acosta, who was arrested as he tried to flee to
Mexico, took more than $70,000 in bribes and helped smuggle over a ton
of marijuana into the United States.
Last
month, Eduardo Bazan, a Border Patrol agent in McAllen, Tex., was
arrested and accused of helping a drug trafficking organization smuggle
cocaine. According to court records, Mr. Bazan admitted to receiving
$8,000 for his help. José Cruz-López,
a Transportation Security Administration screener at Luis Muñoz Marín
International Airport in San Juan, P.R., was arrested around the same
time and accused of taking $215,000 in bribes to help smuggle drugs.
Corruption
investigators said the case of the former Border Patrol agent Ivhan
Herrera-Chiang illustrates the damage a single compromised agent can
cause. In 2013, he was sentenced to 15 years for providing sensitive law
enforcement information to drug cartels.
Mr.
Herrera-Chiang, who was assigned to a special undercover unit targeting
the cartels in Yuma, Ariz., provided maps of hidden underground
sensors, lock combinations to gates along the United States-Mexico
border and the locations of Border Patrol traffic checkpoints to an
individual who provided them to the cartels. The cartels used the
information to bypass Border Patrol agents and transport
methamphetamine, cocaine and marijuana into the country, according to
court records.
Mr.
Herrera-Chiang also entered law enforcement databases on his work
computer to run drug seizure checks and even provided information on
confidential informants in Mexico. That information included one
informant whom federal law enforcement officers were able to locate
before he could be killed, court records said. Mr. Herrera-Chiang
admitted to receiving about $4,500 in bribes for his efforts, but his
co-conspirator put the amount between $60,000 and $70,000.
“Corrupt
C.B.P. law enforcement personnel pose a national security threat,” a
Department of Homeland Security report released in May concluded. The
report also revealed numerous problems with efforts to root out
corruption among Border Patrol and customs agents. The report said the
“true levels of corruption within C.B.P. are not known. ”
Convicted
former border and immigration agents give different reasons for taking
bribes, from financial troubles to drug use. But for many, it was simple
greed.
Records
show that Border Patrol officers and customs agents, who protect more
than 7,000 miles of the border and deal most directly with drug cartels
and smugglers, have taken the most in bribes, about $11 million.
But
the issue of bribery extends well beyond front-line agents at the
border. Department of Homeland Security employees who enforce
immigration and customs laws and provide citizenship benefits and
aviation security have also been arrested or indicted on and convicted
of charges of taking bribes.
Last month, Daniel Espejo Amos,
a former immigration service officer at the United States Citizenship
and Immigration Services in Los Angeles, pleaded guilty to taking
$53,000 in bribes from immigration lawyers on behalf of 60 immigrants
who were not eligible to become naturalized citizens of the United
States. Mr. Amos certified that the immigrants met the requirements for
citizenship, even though one person’s English-language skills were so
poor that copies of test answers were given to him so he could memorize
them for a naturalization interview.
Transportation
security officers and screeners with access to secure areas of airports
that could be used to smuggle weapons and even carry bombs onto planes
have taken hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes as well, records
show.
Mr.
Roth, the inspector general, said rooting out corrupt employees is a
top priority for his office, which gets 300 to 400 cases a year alleging
corruption. The office takes about 100 of the cases and sends the rest
to internal affairs offices at ICE, Customs and Border Protection, the
T.S.A. and Citizenship and Immigration Services.
The
Border Corruption Task Force, which is directed by the F.B.I. and
includes agencies from the Department of Homeland Security as well as
the Drug Enforcement Administration, has also pursued dozens of
corruption and bribery cases that have ended in convictions.
But
the Homeland Security report released in May said Customs and Border
Protection, the parent agency of the Border Patrol, currently lacks
proactive programs to weed out corruption. Instead, the report said, the
agency based its investigations on reporting from other employees,
other government agencies or the public, by which time the corruption
could have festered for decades.
The
agency also needed to more than double the number of internal affairs
criminal investigators to 550 from about 200, the report said. It said
the agency’s 2017 budget calls for an increase of only 30 investigators.
James
Tomsheck, the former head of internal affairs at Customs and Border
Protection, said many of the problems the agency is facing with corrupt
agents had to do with inadequate prehiring screening programs.
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http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/us/homeland-security-border-bribes.html?smid=tw-nytpolitics&smtyp=cur&_r=0